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Subarachnoid Hemorrhage is a type of brain bleed that occurs in the space between the brain and its thin protective covering, often caused by trauma during birth. While it is more common in full-term infants, symptoms may include seizures, lethargy, or breathing difficulties. Prompt medical evaluation and monitoring are essential to manage the condition and minimize potential long-term effects, such as developmental delays or neurological issues.

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Subdural Hematoma is a serious birth injury caused by bleeding between the brain and its outer membrane, often resulting from trauma during delivery. This condition can increase pressure on the brain, leading to seizures, developmental delays, or long-term neurological complications if not treated promptly. Immediate medical intervention, such as monitoring or surgery, is critical to manage the condition and reduce risks.

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Cephalohematoma is a birth injury where blood collects between a baby’s scalp and skull due to trauma during delivery, such as from the use of forceps or vacuum extractors. While it often resolves on its own, severe cases can lead to complications like jaundice, anemia, or, in rare instances, infections. Monitoring and medical care are essential to ensure proper healing and prevent long-term effects.

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Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) is a serious birth injury caused by reduced oxygen and blood flow to a baby’s brain during labor or delivery. This can lead to brain damage, developmental delays, or conditions like cerebral palsy. Prompt medical intervention, such as therapeutic cooling, is critical to minimizing long-term complications and improving outcomes.

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Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH) is a type of brain bleed that primarily affects premature or low birth weight infants. It occurs when fragile blood vessels in the brain rupture, potentially leading to pressure buildup, brain damage, or developmental delays. Severe cases may result in long-term complications such as cerebral palsy. Early detection through imaging and prompt medical intervention are crucial to managing the condition and minimizing its impact.

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Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious gastrointestinal condition that primarily affects premature or low birth weight infants. It causes inflammation and tissue death in the intestines, potentially leading to infection or perforation. If not promptly treated, NEC can result in life-threatening complications. Early diagnosis, proper medical care, and monitoring are critical to reducing risks and improving outcomes.

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Umbilical Cord Strangulation occurs when the umbilical cord becomes wrapped around the baby’s neck or compressed during delivery, restricting oxygen and blood flow. This can lead to fetal distress, brain damage, or conditions like cerebral palsy if not promptly addressed. Proper monitoring and timely intervention, such as a C-section, are critical to prevent long-term complications.

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Global Brachial Plexus Palsy (Total Brachial Plexus Paralysis) is the most extensive form of brachial plexus injury, involving damage to all five primary nerves. It results in complete paralysis and loss of sensation in the entire arm, from the shoulder to the fingers. Recovery is challenging, often requiring multiple surgical interventions and long-term therapy, with outcomes depending on the severity of the damage and timely treatment.

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An avulsion is the most severe form of Erb’s Palsy, where the brachial plexus nerve is completely torn away from the spinal cord. This leads to a total loss of movement and sensation in the affected arm. Direct repair is not possible, but procedures like nerve transfers may help restore limited functionality.

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Rupture is a more severe form of Erb’s Palsy where the brachial plexus nerve is torn but not at the spinal cord. This results in significant weakness or paralysis in the affected arm. Recovery typically requires surgical intervention, such as nerve grafting, to restore some function and mobility.

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Spastic Cerebral Palsy is a neurological condition caused by damage to the brain’s motor cortex, leading to increased muscle tone (spasticity) that makes movements stiff and difficult. It is the most common type of cerebral palsy, affecting about 70-80% of cases. Symptoms include tight or rigid muscles, exaggerated reflexes, and difficulty with motor skills like walking or grasping objects. The severity can vary, and it may affect specific parts of the body, such as the legs (spastic diplegia), one side of the body (spastic hemiplegia), or all four limbs (spastic quadriplegia). Treatment focuses on improving mobility and quality of life through therapies, medications, and sometimes surgery.

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Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy is a type of cerebral palsy characterized by involuntary, uncontrolled movements due to damage to the brain’s basal ganglia, which regulates motor control. Individuals with this condition may experience slow, writhing movements (athetosis), rapid, jerky movements (chorea), or a combination of both. These movements can affect the face, arms, legs, and trunk, making tasks like speaking, eating, or walking challenging. Muscle tone may fluctuate between stiffness and floppiness. Dyskinetic cerebral palsy often results from birth complications, oxygen deprivation, or brain injuries. Treatment typically includes therapies, medications to manage muscle movements, and assistive devices to improve mobility and communication.

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